The pronaos and connector have rectangular trenches as their foundation a circular foundation measuring 7.3m wide and 4.5m deep is laid for the rotunda. Made of pozzolana cement (mixture of lime and volcanic ash from Pozzuoli, Italy), the Pantheon is entirely concrete without any steel underpinning. Although the buildings survival owes a fair amount to its reconsecration as Santa Maria ad Martyres, the ingenious design and lasting materials nevertheless plays an important role.
Erect and completed in less than ten years, it has withstood ravages by both men and nature for nearly two millennia and continuing. The splendor and longevity of the Pantheon never ceases to fill those that gaze upon it with awe as Michelangelo acclaimed it as angelic and not of human design. Painted by Giovanni Panini, the painting illustrates the interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century. The Pantheon has an opening, the oculus, that is the only source of light entering into the temple
The famous artist Raphael was buried in the rotunda in 1520 in 1878, King Vittorio Emmanuele II of United Italy in the great west niche and King Umberto I in 1900. More recently, the Pantheon was used as a tomb. This act led to the quip quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini which translated means what the barbarians did not do, the Barberinis did. According to the Pope, the metal was far better used to defend the Holy See than to keep the rain out of the Pantheon porch. In the early 1600s, Pope Urban VIII stripped and melted ~200 tons of bronze roof trusses from the porch roof for fortification use in Castel Sant∪ngelo. The building was consecrated and converted to a church dedicated to Mary and All Saints. In 609 C.E., Byzantine emperor Phocas gave it to Pope Boniface IV. Despite the capitals move to Constantinople and flooding from the Tiber river, the Pantheon remained intact while countless buildings nearby fell to rubble. As it turns out the majority of the Pantheons brick stamps are of the early 120s.Īfter a final renovation by Septimius Severus in 202 C.E., the Pantheon persevered through four centuries of flux and neglect. These ancient Roman bricks were systematically stamped with information regarding brickyard, current consul and the like in abbreviated Latin. The issue was resolved by epigraphers (1892) through studying tile-shaped bricks from the building. This common practice by Hadrian to omit the use of his own name on buildings hed commissioned, was done in similar reconstruction projects throughout Rome caused great confusion in determining the time range of Pantheons construction. It translates to Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this. On the prochs entablature bears the inscription M≚GRIPPAL≟≜OSTERTIVM≟ECIT in bronze letters, which Hadrian copied from Agrippas Pantheon. Designed by an architect unknown in 120 C.E., the Pantheon is composed of three components: a colonnaded pronaos (entrance portico) facing north that reminisces the front of a customary Greek temple, an intermediate junction connecting it to the last element, and the close domed rotunda with an oculus admitting the only light. Roman masonry dome culminated with the Pantheon. The emperor intended this sanctuary to reproduce the likeness of the terrestrial globe and of the stellar sphere with the open cupola as center so prayers would rise like smoke toward that void where we place the gods. It was during Hadrians reign (117-38 C.E.) that the Pantheon was completely reconstructed to its current form. Thirty years later in 110 C.E., the temple was struck by lightning and flamed to the ground. The temple was dedicated in particular to patrons of Caesar and Augustus (Julio-Claudian family), Mars and Venus. Prior to being the rotunda as we see now, the Pantheon was originally a rectangular structure facing south, built during the Roman Republic by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 27 B.C.E.
Standing in the Campus Martius, the Pantheon remains to date as the single intact edifice that has come down to us from the Greco-Roman period it is also the only such temple that has been in continuous use up to our present time. The building with its remarkable design and influential status, was one of the first temples to be converted to a church.
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